Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder that affects how the body regulates blood sugar (glucose). Glucose is the main source of energy for the body and comes from carbohydrates in food. For glucose to enter body cells and be used for energy, the hormone insulin is required. Insulin is produced by the beta cells of the pancreas. Diabetes occurs when the body produces little or no insulin, or when the body cannot effectively use the insulin it produces.
There are two main types of Diabetes Mellitus. Type 1 diabetes develops when the immune system mistakenly destroys the pancreatic beta cells, leading to little or no insulin production. Type 2 diabetes, the most common type, occurs when body cells become resistant to insulin and the pancreas cannot produce enough insulin to overcome this resistance. Lifestyle factors such as poor diet, physical inactivity, obesity, and genetics play a major role in Type 2 diabetes.
In diabetes, reduced insulin action leads to decreased glucose uptake by muscle and fat cells. As a result, glucose remains in the bloodstream, causing high blood sugar levels (hyperglycemia). The liver also releases more glucose into the blood because insulin normally suppresses this process. Persistent hyperglycemia causes glucose to spill into the urine, leading to frequent urination and excessive thirst. The body begins to break down fats and proteins for energy, which can cause weight loss and fatigue. Over time, high blood sugar damages blood vessels and nerves, leading to complications affecting the eyes, kidneys, heart, and feet. Common symptoms of diabetes include frequent urination, increased thirst and hunger, tiredness, blurred vision, slow wound healing, and recurrent infections. Although diabetes has no permanent cure, it can be effectively managed through healthy eating, regular exercise, medication or insulin therapy, and regular blood sugar monitoring. Early diagnosis and proper management are essential to prevent complications and improve quality of life.
